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This is a fascinating story.... really. I am glad that you asked this question, since, the INTERNET and Wikipedia etc. over the years have improved access to information such as this. I read many articles, news reports, books, and media reports over the years AS THEY HAPPENED, and much of the information was wrong, or missing details. Now, reviewing your question, I find huge amounts of terrific, DETAILED information on the subject that was NOT available for decades. In the 1970's all "home - Made" computers were CP/M or Control Program /Monitor. ( I still have many computers that run on CP/M such as the OSBORNE ) CP/M, was written by Gary Kildall (Digital Research) and had concepts based on his experience with computers from Digital Equipment, (ex. PDP-11), and contained commands Identical to DEC computers such as "PIP", which was used to copy files. 
At the same time, at Bell Telephone, a new generation of large computers was being designed to replace the old models, that were too slow and outdated to handle the millions of new telephone calls needed. The first computers ran on a language called " A ", then it was upgraded to " B ", and with the new computers, " C " language was invented. C was used to completely re-write the UNIX operating system, originally used on a DEC, PDP-7 computer, so that it would now access the new features of the PDP-11. 
A guy in Albuquerque New Mexico, Ed Roberts, made calculator kits and had a quarter million dollar inventory of parts when Texas Instruments and National Semiconductor, who made the chips, decided to make COMPLETE calculators, and he could not sell kits. So he decided to make COMPUTERS, and asked INTEL, that IF he could buy LOTS of chips, could they lower the price - they did, and the KIT computer, the ALTAIR ( his daughter was watching Star Trek and they were going to the star ALTAIR ), sold for the price of the single chip! Bill Gates, in school, read the article in Popular Electronics, about the amazing Altair, and flew down to meet Ed, hoping to write software. He wrote a version of BASIC for the Altair, and wrote games for other early computers.Two guys, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak made a single green computer board, the Apple 1, from their garage, and got a millionaire to help fund production on a 'HOME" computer, the Apple II. Large computer corporations like IBM laughed and scorned these new tiny home computers, until they looked at the PROFITS of Apple- which made millions, more, each year almost exponentially! Bill Gates heard about IBM planning to release a computer to compete with Apple, and IBM wanted an operating system that was completely privately "owned", which CPM was not. IBM asked Bill if he had one, and Bill said YES, but, he did NOT, and immediately started to look around for a new operating system. In Seattle, two guys had hand written a "clone" of CP/M, and named it Seattle DOS. Bill bought the whole company, changed the name from Seattle to "Microsoft", and sold it immediately to IBM - becoming a millionaire. ... Seattle DOS, was designed for home made, KIT computers, and was NEVER designed as an entire operating system for large Corporations, or Networking, or Security, and was hugely FLAWED - these flaws made little difference in a home made computer, but laid the foundations for terrible problems later. Linus Torvalds, decades later, hand wrote a PERFECT copy of UNIX / C, named Linux, that is professionally composed to encompass Networking, mainframe usage, and Security. SOooooo, The HASTILY written Home Computer Seattle DOS ( Disk Operating System ) (It was actually called QDOS for Quick and Dirty Operating System at one time! ) is the evil roots of MicroSoft DOS, which is the roots of WINDOWS... WHICH, was copied from CP/M (poorly ). Apple.... by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, was entirely separate from the UNIX/C and CP/M world, and each new Micro Processor that was used in an APPLE, had a completely separate, new operating system written, just for "that" chip, so that Apple was able to actually USE every single new feature of every chip it used, and thus, Apple computers ran better, faster, and did more work on any chip they used. IBM/ DOS computers wasted much of the power of any new chips from INTEL, since they were BACKWARDS compatible, so that old programs would work on the "new" chips- Many new, powerful features of new chips were ignored since old programs could not use them. So, historically, Apples were always hugely more powerful and efficient than any typical "PC". Until recently-- since now, Apple is using the much cheaper INTEL CPUs instead of the traditional MOTOROLA chips, and Apple has switched to a UNIX based operating system as well ( ie, Apple now has nothing to do with either the hardware or the software of the past ). SO, Linux, and Apple OS X, are now basically COPIES of the Bell Telephone Computers' UNIX / C program, from the 1970's.... They are just different "flavours" or versions, but it would appear that they are all converging to the same thing! MicroSoft made its own NTFS system for disk storage with Windows NT/2000, which was based on its experience with IBM's new operating system OS/2. NTFS is used in XP, Vista, 7 etc. and still has many "features" of the hang-over days of Seattle ( Quick and Dirty) DOS deeply buried in its software - the source for many problems in security etc. These problems from the past do not occur in Linux nor MAC, since they were copied properly, after UNIX and C were in use for decades, and most of the problems were discovered and eliminated.

I was there. I had the same issue of Popular Electronics that Bill Gates did. I watched the computer world explode. Note that I am NOT a programmer, and work with mainly the hardware, but you cannot work on one without knowledge of the other! I have a few HUNDRED old computers, and would, if I had a place to set them up, have them all running, just for the fun. See my tiny web site,< kidbots.com >. The Internet has fantastic "new" details of the birth of computers, which was not available 25 years ago. Interesting reading can be found at: 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/86-DOS 
link to actual Paterson interview 
http://www.patersontech.com/Dos/Micronew... 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS 
There Are also books and Movies, such as the "Pirates Of Silicon Valley" that give details that were not available years ago. 
For CP/M itself, see: 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M 
For a good look at C:, 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_language 
DEC Digital Equipment Corporation, who's programming style was used as a basis for CP/M, which was copied into Seattle DOS, that became MS DOS: 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equ... 
Each of the links above will take you to other pages, and you could probably keep finding information for DAYS! 
P.S. On a sad note, the PDP-1 that I actually got to use at Atomic Energy, that I had tracked down to Science Center North in Sudbury, has just been reported to have been TRASHED... It was complete, working, and supported by many people who actually used it, but, like so many "Canadian" things was thrown out! (( Compare to The Computer Museum in Tokyo, where they built a "replica" over the course of a year for over $250,000.00, of the PDP-1 - we in "Canada" threw out the real thing! )